膩子粉是建筑裝飾材料中非常基礎的找平材料，其作用相當于化妝中的粉底——在墻面涂刷乳膠漆或鋪貼壁紙之前，先用膩子粉將墻面的孔隙、裂縫和不平整處填平，為后續的裝飾層提供一個均勻、平滑的基層。可以說，墻面裝飾效果的好壞，三分看面漆，七分看膩子——基層處理不到位，再好的面漆也出不了效果。

Putty powder is the most basic leveling material in building decoration materials, and its role is equivalent to foundation make-up in makeup. Before painting emulsion paint or laying wallpaper on the wall, fill the pores, cracks and unevenness of the wall with putty powder, so as to provide a uniform and smooth base for the subsequent decoration layer. It can be said that the quality of wall decoration depends on three parts of the topcoat and seven parts of the putty - if the base treatment is not in place, even the best topcoat cannot produce the desired effect.

膩子粉的組成體系是一門精密的材料科學。膩子一般由基料（粘結劑）、填料、水和助劑等組成。基料是膩子非常關鍵的部分，主要起粘結作用，非常常用的粘結劑是水泥和有機聚合物。水泥粘結劑粘結性好、耐久且性價比合理，但拉伸強度和抗裂性較差，需要通過有機聚合物來改性和增韌。填料主要起填充作用，常用的有碳酸鈣（雙飛粉）、滑石粉和石英砂等。助劑則包括增稠劑、保水劑（一般使用纖維素類）、抗凍劑等，用于改善施工性能。

The composition system of putty powder is a precise material science. Putty is generally composed of base material (binder), filler, water, and additives. The base material is the most critical part of putty, mainly playing a bonding role. The most commonly used binders are cement and organic polymers. Cement binders have good adhesion, durability, and reasonable cost-effectiveness, but their tensile strength and crack resistance are poor, requiring modification and toughening through organic polymers. Fillers are mainly used for filling purposes, and commonly used ones include calcium carbonate (fly ash), talc powder, and quartz sand. Additives include thickeners, water retaining agents (usually cellulose based), antifreeze agents, etc., used to improve construction performance.

膩子粉的分類可以從多個維度來理解。按使用場合分為內墻膩子和外墻膩子。外墻膩子要抵抗風吹日曬，所以膠性大、強度高，以水泥基材料為主，添加聚合物和石英砂增強耐久性；內墻膩子采用石膏粉、滑石粉為基礎，配以環保粘結劑，綜合指數更好、健康環保。按耐水性可分為耐水膩子（N型）和非耐水膩子（如821膩子）。按材料組成可分為水泥基膩子（耐水性高、強度高，多用于外墻和地下室）、灰鈣基膩子（白度高、強度高，適用于室內墻面）、石膏基膩子（粘附性強、找平能力強、干燥速度快，但耐水性較差）和中性膩子（白度高、好批刮、好打磨，但耐水性差）。按照國家標準JG/T 298-2010，內墻膩子又分為一般型（Y型）、柔韌型（R型）和耐水型（N型）三類。

The classification of putty powder can be understood from multiple dimensions. Divided into interior wall putty and exterior wall putty according to usage scenarios. Exterior wall putty needs to resist wind and sun exposure, so it has high adhesiveness and strength. It is mainly made of cement-based materials, with the addition of polymers and quartz sand to enhance durability; The interior wall putty is based on gypsum powder and talcum powder, combined with environmentally friendly adhesives, with better comprehensive index, healthy and environmentally friendly. According to water resistance, it can be divided into water-resistant putty (N-type) and non water-resistant putty (such as 821 putty). According to material composition, it can be divided into cement-based putty (high water resistance, high strength, mostly used for exterior walls and basements), gray calcium based putty (high whiteness, high strength, suitable for interior walls), gypsum based putty (strong adhesion, leveling ability, fast drying speed, but poor water resistance), and neutral putty (high whiteness, easy to scrape and polish, but poor water resistance). According to the national standard JG/T 298-2010, interior wall putty is divided into three types: general type (Y type), flexible type (R type), and water-resistant type (N type).

膩子粉的制造工藝包括原料預處理、稱量配料、混合攪拌、粉碎篩分及包裝五大步驟。所有粉狀原料需有效干燥并篩除雜質，以確保產品細度均勻；稱量階段要求合理，保證配方一致性；混合過程中高速攪拌有助于原料充分結合。配方方面，內墻耐水膩子的典型配比為：重鈣（或滑石粉）70%-80%，灰鈣（石灰粉）20%-30%，再加適量纖維素。高硬耐水內墻膩子粉的參考配方為：NSJF-3B膠粉1%-1.2%、雙飛粉70%、灰鈣粉30%。

The manufacturing process of putty powder includes five steps: raw material pretreatment, weighing and batching, mixing and stirring, crushing and screening, and packaging. All powdered raw materials must be thoroughly dried and screened for impurities to ensure uniform product fineness; The weighing stage requires precision to ensure formula consistency; High speed stirring during the mixing process helps to fully blend the raw materials. In terms of formula, the typical ratio of water-resistant putty for interior walls is: 70% -80% heavy calcium (or talc powder), 20% -30% gray calcium (lime powder), and an appropriate amount of cellulose. The reference formula for high hardness and water-resistant interior wall putty powder is: NSJF-3B adhesive powder 1% -1.2%, double fly powder 70%, and gray calcium powder 30%.

在施工工藝上，“薄批多遍”是膩子施工的核心原則。每遍批刮厚度非常好控制在1mm左右，等前一遍干透后再批刮下一遍。通常墻面找平需要2-3遍膩子施工——第一遍粗找平，用于填補較大缺陷；第二遍精找平，實現準確平整；必要時第三遍進行局部修正。普通膩子粉與水的比例通常為2:1（重量比），需用電動攪拌器充分混合至無顆粒狀。攪拌時間不少于5分鐘，靜置3分鐘后二次攪拌以消除氣泡。嚴禁隨意添加膠水或水泥，否則會破壞配方平衡，導致膩子層開裂。

In terms of construction technology, "thin batch multiple times" is the core principle of putty construction. It is best to control the thickness of each batch scraping at around 1mm, and wait for the previous batch to dry before scraping the next batch. Usually, wall leveling requires 2-3 layers of putty construction - the first layer is rough leveling, used to fill larger defects; The second round of precise leveling achieves precise flatness; If necessary, make local corrections for the third time. The ratio of ordinary putty powder to water is usually 2:1 (weight ratio), and it needs to be thoroughly mixed with an electric mixer until there are no particles. The stirring time should not be less than 5 minutes, and after standing for 3 minutes, stir again to eliminate bubbles. It is strictly prohibited to add glue or cement at will, otherwise it will disrupt the balance of the formula and cause cracking of the putty layer.

施工環境同樣不容忽視——適宜溫度在5℃-35℃，相對濕度宜小于85%。溫度過低膩子干燥速度慢，濕度過高膩子易吸收水分，出現發霉、粉化等問題。普通膩子（如821膩子）因耐水性能差、強度低，在住宅工程中已被限制使用，替代產品為各種耐水膩子。

The construction environment cannot be ignored either - the suitable temperature is between 5 ℃ and 35 ℃, and the relative humidity should be less than 85%. If the temperature is too low, the drying speed of putty will be slow, and if the humidity is too high, putty will easily absorb moisture, causing problems such as mold and powdering. Ordinary putty (such as 821 putty) has been restricted from use in residential engineering due to its poor water resistance and low strength. Alternative products include various water-resistant putty.

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